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Hi মুহাঃ সুবহান আনছারী I do agree with Sali sir BPB is caused by Burkholderia glumae or B. gladioli, with the former being the primary cause of the disease. Outbreaks of BPB are triggered by conditions of high temperatures in combination with high relative humidity at heading. The disease cycle starts with primary infections from infected seed, soil, and irrigation water, and subsequent secondary infections result from rain splash and panicle contact. Limited management options are available for control of BPB. There are only several cultivars including hybrids with partial resistance available currently. Twelve quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the partial resistance have been identified. Oxolinic acid is an effective antibacterial compound for control of BPB in Japan, but it is not labeled for use on rice in the USA and many other countries.

Successful disease control generally relies on employing management strategies toward reducing the damage to a manageable and acceptable level. These strategies are exclusion, genetic resistance, chemical control, biological control, and cultural practice. Oxolinic acid (5-ethyl-5,8-dihydro-8-oxo-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]quinoline-7-carboxylic acid, Starner) is the first chemistry that has been reported to be highly effective for control of the BPB disease in rice.Combined use of oxolinic acid as seed treatment and foliar sprays at heading has been reported to be the best strategy for effective control of both seeding rot and gain rot diseases . When applied at the heading stage, this bactericide is highly effective to inhibit multiplication of B. glumae on spikelets and control the BPB disease .Oxolinic acid is not registered for use in rice in the USA and many other countries. Copper and copper-containing bactericides have also been reported to be effective for control of BPB in rice . These bacterial products include Kocide® 2000 (53.8% copper hydroxide), Kocide® 3000 (46.1% copper hydroxide), Previsto® (5% copper hydroxide), Badge® SC (15.4% copper hydroxide plus 16.8% copper oxychloride), Badge® X2 (21.5% copper hydroxide plus 23.8% copper oxychloride), and Top Cop® (8.4% tric basic copper sulfate). However, except Previsto® with a relatively lower level of copper-active ingredient, all other copper products produced varying degrees of phytotoxicity on sprayed leaves and panicles and under certain environmental conditions reduced yields . These copper products have been registered as bactericides and fungicides for control of various bacterial and fungal diseases in citrus, tree crops, vegetables, vines, and field crop (soybeans, wheat, oats, and barley) in the USA. Probably due to their potential phytotoxicity and yield reduction, all these copper products have not been registered for management of the BPB disease on rice in the USA.In addition to oxolinic acid and copper-based bactericides, other bactericides such as kasugamycin, probenazole, and pyroquilon are used for management of rice seedling rot and grain rot in Japan and Honduras.

Biological control An antagonistic Pseudomonas sp. strain was found to be effective to suppress seedling rot when pretreated onto rice seeds prior to planting . Furuya et al. also found that rice seedling rot was reduced following seed treatment with avirulent strains of B. glumae. Miyagawa and Takaya found that an avirulent strain of B. gladioli when applied onto rice panicles was very effective to reduce BPB severity. In the USA, five Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains were found to be antagonistic against B. glumae in vitro and reduce BPB severity when applied at the heading stage in the field trials conducted in Louisiana . When applied at the flowering stage, two strains of Bacillus sp., with antibacterial activities toward B. glumae, were demonstrated to reduce BPB severity by as much as 50% and increase grain yield by more than 11% in the field trials conducted in Texas. In a separate BPB-spread field trial study, one of the strains also showed its ability to significantly limit the spatial spread of BPB from a focal point of inoculum . Few studies have been conducted to understand and develop cultural practices that could reduce the incidence and severity of BPB in rice. High levels of nitrogen fertility tend to increase the susceptibility of rice plants to the BPB disease. Avoiding excessive nitrogen rates can help reduce the damage caused by BPB. In an Arkansas study evaluating the effects of nitrogen on BPB severity, it was demonstrated that the severity of BPB at the high nitrogen rate (247 kg/ha) was 1.6 times higher than at the low rate (168 kg/ha) applied during a cropping season . Under the Southern US rice production systems, early planting or use of early maturing rice cultivars to avoid the hottest times of the growing season is another effective approach to reduce the damage caused by the disease. In addition, avoiding excessive seeding rates is also helpful in reducing the incidence and severity of the disease.